2016年10月23日日曜日

Do you ever と Have you ever の意味、使い方とニュアンス

Have you ever +過去分詞 というパターンの意味は、

あなたは・・・をしたことがありますか?

今までの経験で~をしたことがあるか?という質問です。
(必ず動詞の過去分詞を使う必要がある)

Have you ever played volleyball?
 あなたはバレーボールをしたことがありますか?

答える場合は・・・
 Yes、 I have
 No, I haven't

I have never play volleyball.
 私はバレーボールをしたことがありません。


注意 「~へ行った事がありますか?」という場合、「go」という動詞の過去分詞(gone)は使わず、代わりに「been」を使います

Have you ever gone to New York? (☓)
Have you ever been to New York? (○)
(あなたはニューヨークへ行った事がありますか?)

 「been」は「行ってきた」というニュアンス
「Gone」は「行ったけど帰ってきてない」というニュアンス
これを間違えると全く違う意味になってしまいます。

 He has gone to New York.
(彼はニューヨークに行きました。)
※彼はニューヨークに行って、まだニューヨークにいるというニュアンス。

He has been to New York.
(彼はニューヨークに行ってきました。)
※彼はニューヨークに行ったけどもう帰ってきたというニュアンス。



Do you ever は過去の経験を聞いてはいない。


 「Do you ever ~?」は「現在も習慣的にいつも~をしているか?」という質問。
このパターンでは、動詞の過去分詞ではなく、”動詞の原形”を使う。


 Do you ever watch movies?
(あなたは映画を観る事がありますか?)

 No, I rarely watch movies.
(いいえ、私は滅多に映画を観ません。)



 Do you ever drink wine?
(あなたはワインを飲む事がありますか?)

 Yes, I drink wine almost every day.
(はい、私は殆ど毎日ワインを飲みます。)

 
  • always (いつも)
  • frequently (頻繁に、しばしば)
  • regularly (定期的に)
  • often (たいてい、しばしば、よく)
  • sometimes (ときどき)
  • occasionally (たまに)
  • rarely (たまにしか~しない、滅多に~しない)
  • seldom (滅多に~しない)
  • never (決して~しない)



2016年7月27日水曜日

Mornings (simple present, habits)


Every weekday morning my alarm clock rings at 7 o'clock and every weekday morning I try to ignore it.

 I do not like mornings!  I hide my head under the covers and I pretend that it isn't really morning.

 I groan.   I complain.  I say nasty things about mornings. 

Some mornings I fall back to sleep for a few minutes! 

After a shot time I realize that I have to get up.  I sigh.  I struggle out of bed and I start my day.



2016年7月25日月曜日

A cake was Made (past tense, passive voice)  過去時制・受動態 ~された


Seven tablespoons of cocoa powder were measured into a small bowl. Half a cup of boiling water was added. The mixture was stirred until it was smooth. It was left to cool down.

A half cup of softened butter was put in a large bowl. Two cups of white sugar were added.

The mixture was stirred until it was smooth. Next, three eggs were added and the mixture was stirred again.

The dry ingredients were added next - two cups of flour, 1 teaspoon of baking powder and 1 teaspoon of baking soda. The last additions that were made to the batter was a cup of sour cream and all of the cocoa mixture. The batter was mixed well.

The batter was poured into two cake tins. The cakes were baked in the oven for 45 minutes. After the cakes had cooled, chocolate icing was spread over them and the cakes were decorated. The best part was saved for last.... the cakes were eaten!





2016年7月15日金曜日

Reading ESL


Skating (simple past)

This winter I learned to skate! A friend of mine had an extra pair of skates.  He persuaded me to go skating with him one Saturday afternoon in February.  I borrowed the skates and we went skating!

It was cold outside!  We wore hats, scarves and mitts to keep warm.  He showed me how to put on the skates.  He helped me walk onto the ice.  He showed me how to start moving.  He also showed me how to stop!  I moved very slowly at first and lots of people skated past me.  When I fell nobody laughed at me.  Instead, they helped me get back up.  I kept trying! Soon I felt much better.  I liked skating!




Thanksgiving Dinner (past perfect)

Last Thanksgivng my parents had a large family dinner at their house.  Getting ready for Thanksgiving dinner takes a lot of work.

The day started well and by late afternoon we had completed most of the work.  Everyone had helped to make the meal a success.  We had put the turkey in the oven earlier that day so the house was starting to smell like roast turkey.  The grandchildren had finished setting the table for Thanksgiving dinner.   My aunt had made two pies for dessert, a pumpkin pie and an apple pie.  My brother and I had peeled the carrots and the potatoes.  We had just  turned on the stove to start cooking the vegetables when the power went out!  The oven stopped working! We couldn't cook the vegetables! The turkey wouldn't finish cooking! We waited.  We talked.  We went for a walk.

We had waited two hours by the tie the power ca,e back on.  We had almost given up hope.  Dinner was late that night but it was a Thanksgiving dinner that we won't forget.







2016年7月14日木曜日

Reading ESL


Missed my Train!  (simple past, third conditional)

I only missed the train by a few minutes. I was annoyed. If I had walked a bit faster, I might have made my train.  If I had left a few minutes earlier, I might have been on time.

Because I missed my train, I had to wait for the next one.  I had to wait for an hour and a half.

I bought a cup of coffee and a newspaper.  I found a chair to sit on.  I drank my coffee and read the newspaper while I waited for the next train.

It was very frustrating.


annoyed-いらいらした




An Evening Out  (simple past, past continuous)

Last night I went to Nathan Phillips Square at City Hall in Toronto.   It was a beautiful summer evening, It was warm and sunny.  Lots of people were there because of the Pan Am games celebrations.  I stood and watched the crowd.

Many people were sitting by the water,  Some people were talking with friends or family.  Lots of people were taking pictures.

A band was plying music on the stage.  People were standing by the stage.  They were listening to the music.  Others were watching the performance on large video screens.

Everyone was enjoying the summer evening.




Sick on Saturday  (simple past)

I have just had a terrible weekend! On Saturday I was so tired that I slept all morning.  When I woke up I had a head ache and my throat was sore.  My body ached all over.  My nose ran and I coughed a lot.  My mother took my temperature but I did not have a fever.

My mother made me some soup for lunch and I ate it in bed.  I drank some juice.  I tried to read a book but I couldn't keep my eyes open.  I lay in bed all afternoon.  I drifted in and out of sleep.  I drank more juice.  I felt miserable all afternoon.  I didn't want to do anything.

I got out of bed at dinner time.  My parents ordered pizza for dinner and I was able to eat some of it.  I drank more juice! I felt a bit better after dinner so I stayed up.  I snuggled under a blanket on the couch and watched some TV with my parents. I fell asleep in front of the TV.

The next morning I felt better but now my mother had a cold! She looked miserable.  It was her turn to be sick.










2016年6月21日火曜日

Using the Past Continuous with the Past Tense


When が先に来る場合は「、」(カンマ)が入る。
中央にWhen が来る場合は続けて書く。

* When I was taking a bath, the telephone rang.
= The telephone rang When I was taking a bath.

* While I was taking a bath, the telephone rang.
= The telephone rang while I was taking a bath.

* As I was taking a bath , the telephone rang.
= The telephone rang as I was taking a bath.

上記はすべて同じ意味。

















English as an International Language


to spread - to go everywhere
in common - the same
communicate - talk
complicated - difficult
artificial - not real


About one hundred years ago many educated people learned and spoke French when they met people from other countries. Today most people speak English when they meet foreigners. It has become the new international language. There are more people who speak English as a second language than people who speak English as a first language. Why is this?

There are many reasons why English has become so popular. One of them is that English has become the language of business. Another important reason is that popular American culture (like movies, music, and McDonald's) has quickly spread throughout the world. It has brought its language with it.

Is it good that English has spread to all parts of the world so quickly? I don't know. It's important to have a language that the people of the earth have in common. Our world has become very global and we need to communicate with one another. On the other hand, English is a fairly complicated language to learn and it brings its culture with it. Do we really need that?


Scientists have already tried to create an artificial language that isn't too difficult and doesn't include any one group's culture. It is called Esperanto. But it hasn't become popular. But maybe the popularity of English won't last that long either. Who knows? There are more people in the world who speak Chinese than any other language. Maybe someday Chinese will be the new international language.